{"id":5172,"date":"2022-05-31T18:05:38","date_gmt":"2022-05-31T18:05:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/?p=5172"},"modified":"2024-03-11T17:54:36","modified_gmt":"2024-03-11T17:54:36","slug":"saint-justin-martyr-the-philosopher","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/ro\/2022\/05\/saint-justin-martyr-the-philosopher\/","title":{"rendered":"Sf\u00e2ntul Iustin Martirul \u0219i Filozoful"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\"\u201eIustin \ufb01lozoful, b\u0103rbat sf\u00e2nt \u0219i prieten al lui Dumnezeu,\u201d a\u0219a cum \u00eel descria Epifanie de Salamina \u00een secolul al IV-lea, s-a n\u0103scut \u00een Siria Palestinei la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul primului secol. Acesta a mo\u0219tenit credin\u021ba p\u0103g\u00e2n\u0103 de la p\u0103rin\u021bii s\u0103i. \u00cenc\u0103 din tinere\u021be s-a dovedit a fi luminat la minte \u0219i iubitor de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103. Dorind s\u0103 afle despre Dumnezeu, a c\u0103utat diver\u0219i filosofi cunoscu\u021bi care s\u0103 \u00eel ajute. Astfel, a mers la ucenici ai lui Pitagora, ai lui Platon, dar nu era vreunul care s\u0103 \u00eei poat\u0103 explica ceva despre Dumnezeu. Totu\u0219i, r\u0103m\u00e2ne o vreme l\u00e2ng\u0103 cei din urm\u0103 \u00eentruc\u00e2t \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura lor p\u0103rea a fi mai apropiat\u0103 de c\u0103ut\u0103rile sale. Dar plimb\u00e2ndu-se \u00eentr-una din zile \u00eentr-un loc aproape de mare, a \u00eent\u00e2lnit un b\u0103tr\u00e2n cu care a \u00eenceput a vorbi despre filosofie, iar \u00een cele din urm\u0103 despre Dumnezeu. B\u0103tr\u00e2nul i-a spus despre Sfin\u021bii Prooroci, l-a \u00eendemnat s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 scrierile lor \u0219i s\u0103 se roage din inim\u0103 lui Dumnezeu pentru a i se descoperi calea. Apoi a disp\u0103rut acel b\u0103tr\u00e2n \u0219i nu l-a mai \u00eent\u00e2lnit niciodat\u0103. Sf\u00e2ntul Iustin urmeaz\u0103 \u00eendemnurile b\u0103tr\u00e2nului, se \u00eendulce\u0219te din ce \u00een ce mai mult de credin\u021ba cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u0219i de via\u021ba cre\u0219tinilor acelor vremuri, care mureau m\u0103rturisindu-L pe Hristos, iar \u00een cele din urm\u0103 se boteaz\u0103.<\/p>

Dup\u0103 acestea pleac\u0103 la Roma. Acolo, dup\u0103 ce au fost uci\u0219i pentru Hristos trei b\u0103rba\u021bi drep\u021bi, Sf\u00e2ntul Iustin scrie dou\u0103 Apologii \u00een care descrie \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura cre\u0219tin\u0103, via\u021ba cre\u0219tinilor \u0219i dovede\u0219te lipsa de temei pentru care sunt \u00eenvinov\u0103\u021bi\u021bi ace\u0219tia. Aceast\u0103 scriere este \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tiat\u0103 \u00een toat\u0103 cetatea, ajunge \u00een m\u00e2inile \u00eemp\u0103ratului Romei, care porunce\u0219te s\u0103 nu mai fie uci\u0219i cre\u0219tinii \u0219i s\u0103 nu mai fie furate averile lor.<\/p>

Moare, ca martir, la Roma \u00een jurul anului 165. Este pr\u0103znuit de Biseric\u0103 pe 1 iunie. El a \u00eembog\u0103\u021bit via\u021ba Bisericii prin rug\u0103ciunile \u0219i scrierile sale.<\/p>

A \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219it moartea de martir, pe care at\u00e2t de mult a admirat-o la cre\u0219tini. Despre felul cum mureau cre\u0219tinii, scria \u00een a doua sa Apologie, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 dema\u0219te calomniile \u00eendreptate \u00eempotriva lor: \u201eDe altfel, eu \u00eensumi, pe c\u00e2nd m\u0103 g\u0103seam \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219ind \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turile lui Platon, auzind de modul \u00een care cre\u0219tinii erau def\u0103ima\u021bi \u0219i v\u0103z\u00e2ndu-i c\u0103 sunt f\u0103r\u0103 team\u0103 \u00een fa\u021ba mor\u021bii \u0219i \u00een fa\u021ba tuturor acelora pe care oamenii le socotesc \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare, am \u00een\u021beles c\u0103 este cu neputin\u021b\u0103 ca ei s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 \u00een r\u0103utate \u0219i \u00een pofta pl\u0103cerilor. Ce om dedat pl\u0103cerilor sau desfr\u00e2ului, care socote\u0219te un lucru bun s\u0103 se hr\u0103neasc\u0103 din c\u0103rnurile omene\u0219ti [a\u0219a cum erau acuza\u021bi cre\u0219tinii], ar fi \u00een stare s\u0103 \u00eembr\u0103\u021bi\u0219eze moartea, ca s\u0103 se lipseasc\u0103 de bunurile lui, \u0219i nu ar c\u0103uta, cu tot dinadinsul, s\u0103 se bucure de via\u021ba prezent\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 se sustrag\u0103 magistra\u021bilor, dec\u00e2t s\u0103 se expun\u0103 mor\u021bii, denun\u021b\u00e2ndu-se pe sine \u00eensu\u0219i?\u201d<\/p>

\u00cen continuare, vom reda c\u00e2teva r\u00e2nduri din prima Apologie a sa care descrie practica cre\u0219tin\u0103:<\/p>

Botez<\/strong><\/p>

\u201eV\u0103 vom explica acum modul \u00een care, \u00eennoi\u021bi prin Hristos, ne-am consacrat pe noi \u00een\u0219ine lui Dumnezeu... To\u021bi cei care s-ar \u00eencredin\u021ba \u0219i ar crede c\u0103 lucrurile acestea \u00eenv\u0103\u021bate \u0219i propov\u0103duite de noi sunt adev\u0103rate \u0219i care f\u0103g\u0103duiesc c\u0103 vor putea tr\u0103i a\u0219a, sunt \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi s\u0103 se roage \u0219i s\u0103 cear\u0103 de la Dumnezeu, postind, iertarea p\u0103catelor pe care le-au s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it mai \u00eenainte, \u00een timp ce noi, la r\u00e2ndul nostru, ne rug\u0103m \u0219i postim laolalt\u0103 cu ei. Apoi, ei sunt condu\u0219i de noi undeva unde este ap\u0103 \u0219i sunt ren\u0103scu\u021bi acolo, \u00een acela\u0219i fel \u00een care noi \u00een\u0219ine am fost ren\u0103scu\u021bi; ei primesc atunci o baie \u00een ap\u0103, \u00een numele P\u0103rintelui tuturor \u0219i St\u0103p\u00e2nului Dumnezeu \u0219i al M\u00e2ntuitorului nostru Iisus Hristos \u0219i al Sf\u00e2ntului Duh... Iar baia aceasta se nume\u0219te luminare, \u00eentruc\u00e2t cei care primesc toate cele \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu ea devin apoi lumina\u021bi la minte.\u201d<\/p>

Liturghie<\/strong><\/p>

\u201e[...] dup\u0103 sp\u0103larea celui ce crede \u0219i care a c\u0103zut \u00eentru totul de acord cu noi, \u00eel aducem \u00een locul unde se g\u0103sesc aduna\u021bi cei pe care noi \u00eei numim fra\u021bi, f\u0103c\u00e2nd rug\u0103ciuni comune pentru noi \u00een\u0219ine \u0219i pentru cel luminat, ca \u0219i pentru to\u021bi ceilal\u021bi de pretutindeni, cu mult\u0103 st\u0103ruin\u021b\u0103, ca s\u0103 ne \u00eenvrednicim ca, afl\u00e2nd adev\u0103rul, s\u0103 ne g\u0103sim \u0219i prin fapte a fi ni\u0219te buni tr\u0103itori \u0219i p\u0103zitori ai celor ce ne sunt poruncite, \u00een a\u0219a fel ca s\u0103 ne m\u00e2ntuim cu m\u00e2ntuirea ve\u0219nic\u0103. \u00cencet\u00e2nd rug\u0103ciunile, noi ne \u00eembr\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u0103m unii pe al\u021bii cu s\u0103rutarea p\u0103cii.\u201d<\/p>

\"\"\u201eApoi se aduce celui ce prezideaz\u0103 adunarea fra\u021bilor p\u00e2ine \u0219i un pahar cu vin amestecat cu ap\u0103, pe care acesta lu\u00e2ndu-le, \u00eenal\u021b\u0103 laud\u0103 \u0219i slav\u0103 P\u0103rintelui tuturor, \u00een numele Fiului \u0219i al Duhului Sf\u00e2nt \u0219i roste\u0219te o lung\u0103 rug\u0103ciune de mul\u021bumire, pentru ca acestea s\u0103 fie primite de c\u0103tre El. C\u00e2nd a terminat rug\u0103ciunile \u0219i mul\u021bumirea (euharistia), tot poporul care este de fa\u021b\u0103 roste\u0219te cu glas mare: \u201eAmin\u201d. Cuv\u00e2ntul Amin, \u00een evreie\u0219te \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ea\u0219a s\u0103 fie\u201d. Dup\u0103 ce \u00eent\u00e2ist\u0103t\u0103torul a terminat euharistia \u0219i tot poporul a rostit Amin, slujitorii aceia care sunt numi\u021bi la noi diaconi dau fiec\u0103ruia dintre cei ce se g\u0103sesc de fa\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 se \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 din p\u00e2inea \u0219i vinul amestecat cu ap\u0103, care s-au transformat \u00een euharistie, iar celor ce nu sunt de fa\u021b\u0103, li se duc pe la casele lor.\u201d<\/p>

\u201eHrana aceasta se nume\u0219te la noi Euharistie. Nimeni nu poate participa la ea dec\u00e2t numai cel ce crede c\u0103 cele propov\u0103duite de noi sunt adev\u0103rate \u0219i care a trecut prin baia iert\u0103rii p\u0103catelor \u0219i a rena\u0219terii, tr\u0103ind mai departe a\u0219a cum ne-a transmis Hristos. C\u0103ci noi nu primim acestea ca pe o p\u00e2ine obi\u0219nuit\u0103 \u0219i nici ca pe o b\u0103utur\u0103 obi\u0219nuit\u0103; ci, dup\u0103 cum prin Cuv\u00e2ntul lui Dumnezeu, Iisus Hristos, M\u00e2ntuitorul nostru, S-a \u00eentrupat \u0219i a avut \u00een vederea m\u00e2ntuirii noastre \u0219i trup \u0219i s\u00e2nge, tot astfel \u0219i hrana transformat\u0103 \u00een euharistie, prin rug\u0103ciunea cuv\u00e2ntului celui de la El, hrana aceasta din care se hr\u0103nesc s\u00e2ngele \u0219i trupurile noastre prin schimbare, am fost \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi c\u0103 este at\u00e2t trupul, c\u00e2t \u0219i s\u00e2ngele Acelui Iisus \u00eentrupat. Apostolii, \u00een Memoriile lor, care se numesc Evanghelii, a\u0219a ne-au transmis c\u0103 li s-a poruncit lor: \u00abIisus lu\u00e2nd p\u00e2inea \u0219i aduc\u00e2nd rug\u0103ciuni de mul\u021bumire asupra ei, a zis: Aceasta s\u0103 o face\u021bi \u00eentru amintirea Mea; acesta este trupul Meu. \u0218i, de asemenea, lu\u00e2nd \u0219i paharul \u0219i aduc\u00e2nd rug\u0103ciuni de mul\u021bumire asupra lui, a zis: Acesta este s\u00e2ngele Meu.\u00bb \u0218i i-a \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219it din ele numai pe ei.\u201d<\/p>

\u201e\u0218i \u00een ziua care se cheam\u0103 ziua Soarelui [duminica], to\u021bi cei care locuiesc \u00een ora\u0219e \u0219i sate fac adunare \u00eentr-un singur loc \u0219i se citesc Memoriile apostolilor \u0219i scrierile profe\u021bilor, c\u00e2t\u0103 vreme \u00eeng\u0103duie timpul. Apoi, dup\u0103 ce cititorul \u00eenceteaz\u0103, \u00eent\u00e2ist\u0103t\u0103torul \u021bine un cuv\u00e2nt prin care sf\u0103tuie\u0219te \u0219i \u00eendeamn\u0103 la imitarea acestor frumoase \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turi. Apoi, ne ridic\u0103m \u00een picioare to\u021bi laolalt\u0103 \u0219i \u00een\u0103l\u021b\u0103m rug\u0103ciuni; dup\u0103 care, \u00eencet\u00e2nd noi rug\u0103ciunea, a\u0219a cum am ar\u0103tat mai \u00eenainte, se aduce p\u00e2ine \u0219i vin \u0219i ap\u0103, iar \u00eent\u00e2ist\u0103t\u0103torul \u00eenal\u021b\u0103 deopotriv\u0103 rug\u0103ciuni \u0219i mul\u021bumiri, c\u00e2t poate mai multe, la care poporul r\u0103spunde \u00eentr-un singur glas, rostind Amin. \u0218i se d\u0103 fiec\u0103ruia s\u0103 se \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 din cele ce au fost consfin\u021bite prin euharistie, iar celor care nu sunt de fa\u021b\u0103, li se trimite euharistia acas\u0103, prin diaconi.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cJustin the Philosopher, holy man and friend of God,\u201d as Epiphanius of Salamis describes him in the fourth century, was born in Syria in Palestine at the end of the first century. He inherited the pagan faith from his parents. From a young age, he showed himself to be intelligent and with a deep love […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[70],"tags":[23],"class_list":["post-5172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-icon-from-within-may-jun-22","tag-holy-fathers","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5172","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5172"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5172\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5237,"href":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5172\/revisions\/5237"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5172"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5172"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfdumitru.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5172"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}